Stress-associated ß -glucan administration stimulates the TLR - MYD88 - NFKB1 signaling pathway in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus).

There is evidence that the administration of ß-glucan can effectively activate several defense mechanisms, such as the Tlr-Myd88-Nfkb1 pathway that induces the expression of immune cytokines. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate whether ß-glucan acts on the mechanisms of gene transcription via the Tlr-Myd88-Nfkb1 pathway in Nile tilapia under stress after challenge with Streptococcus agalactiae. Therefore, we evaluated the expression of immune system genes such as toll-like receptors 1 (tlr1), toll-like receptors 2 (tlr2), primary myeloid differentiation response gene (myd88) and nuclear factor kappa B1 (nfkb1). A total of 408 fish were distributed in 24 polyethylene boxes and randomly divided into eight groups with 3 replications each: C15: Tilapias received a control diet (free of ß-glucan) for 15 days and were sampled after the 15th day of the experiment; C15D: Tilapias received a control diet (free of ß-glucan) for 15 days, were challenged on the 14th day and were sampled at the 15th day of the experiment; ß15: Tilapias received experimental diet (1g kg-1 of ß-glucan) for 15 days and were sampled after 15 days; ß15D: Tilapias received an experimental diet (1g kg-1 of ß-glucan) for 15 days, were challenged on the 14th day and were sampled at the 15th day of the experiment; C30: Tilapias received a control diet (free of ß-glucan) for 30 days and were sampled on the 30th day of the experiment; C30D: Tilapias received a control diet (free of ß-glucan) for 30 days, were challenged on the 29th day and were sampled at the 30th day of the experiment; ß30: Tilapias received experimental diet (1g kg-1 of ß-glucan) for 30 days and were sampled after 30 days and ß30D: Tilapias received experimental diet (1g kg-1 of ß-glucan) for 30 days, were challenged on the 29th day and were sampled at 30 of the experiment. In the fish sampled at 15 and 30 days of the experiment, after being anesthetized and killed by brain section, cranial kidney and spleen were collected for gene expression analysis. The analyzes showed that the association of ß-glucan and stressful management modulated the immune system, using the Tlr-Myd88-Nfkb1 signaling pathway, indicating that this compound can be used to promote early defense and protect fish against diseases.

Second-Generation Lignocellulosic Supportive Material Improves Atomic Ratios of C:O and H:O and Thermomechanical Behavior of Hybrid Non-Woody Pellets.

Pellets refer to solid biofuels for heating and power. The pellet's integrity is of great relevant to ensure safe and effective transportation and storage, and comfort to stakeholders. Several materials that are supportive, whether organic and inorganic, to pellets exist. However, no work in the literature is linking making hybrid non-wood pellets with addition of residual biomass from distillation of cellulosic bioethanol, and this requires further investigations. Figuring out how effective this challenging agro-industrial residue could be for reinforcing non-wood pellets is accordingly the scientific point of this study focusing on management of waste and valorization of biomass. The pilot-scale manufacturing of hybrid pellets consisted of systematically pressing sugarcane bagasse with the lignocellulosic reinforcement at the mass ratios of 3:1, 1:1, and 1:3 on an automatic pelletizer machine at 200 MPa and 125 °C. Elemental contents of C and H, durability, and energy density all increased significantly from 50.05 to 53.50%, 5.95 to 7.80%, 95.90 to 99.55%, and 28.20 to 31.20 MJ kg-1, respectively, with blending the starting material with the reinforcement at 1:3. Preliminary evidence of residual biomass from distillation of second-generation bioethanol capable of highly improving molecular flammable/combustible properties, mechanical stability, and fuel power of composite non-wood pellets exist.

Mycochemical Characterization of Agaricus subrufescens considering Their Morphological and Physiological Stage of Maturity on the Traceability Process.

Agaricus subrufescens Peck is a basidiomycete with immunomodulatory compounds and antitumor activities. This research evaluated the mycochemical composition of A. subrufescens, considering their morphological and physiological stage of maturity, with a particular focus on the development of a traceability process for the formulation of new nutritional products based on fungal foods. The stipes contained a high amount of dry matter (10.33%), total carbohydrate (69.56%), available carbohydrate (63.89%), and energy value (363.97 kcal 100 g-1 DM). The pilei contained a high amount of moisture (90.66%), nitrogen (7.75%), protein (33.96%), ash (8.24), crude fat (2.44%), acid detergent fiber (16.75 g kg-1), neutral detergent fiber (41.82 g kg-1), hemicellulose (25.07 g kg-1), and lignin (9.77 g kg-1). Stipes with mature physiological stage had higher values of dry matter (10.50%), crude fiber (5.94%), total carbohydrate (72.82%), AC (66.88%), and energy value (364.91 kcal 100 g-1 DM). Pilei of the mushrooms in the immature physiological stage had higher values of P (36.83%), N (8.41%), and A (8.44%). Due to the differences between the mycochemical compositions of the morphological parts of mushrooms linked to their physiological stage of maturity, such characteristics have immense potential to be considered for a traceability process. This study can be used for the purpose of providing the consumer with more product diversity, optimizing bioactivities of composts, and allowing farmers an efficient and profitable use of the mushroom biomass.